Dwarf Antelopes

The horns of dwarf antelopes are short, straight spikes found only in the males, although klipspringer females sometimes have horns. Colorations are usually pale, varying from yellow to gray or brown with a white rump patch, while the steenbok is brick-colored. All dwarf antelopes have well-developed scent glands, particularly preorbital glands which can be easily seen on most species as dark slits beneath the eyes. Dwarf antelopes generally have narrow muzzles, prominent ears, and their nostrils are either hairy or bare.

Dwarf antelopes are territorial and many are in lifetime monogamous relationships. They tend to be solitary even though a mated pair shares the same territory. Territories can range in size from several hundred square feet to tens of acres depending upon the nature of the territory and the density of the group's population. Some monogamous pairs may have a second female, usually a female offspring that has not left the parental territory. Some dwarf antelope males may have two or more females within a small territory.

Scenting behavior among dwarf antelopes maintains the mating bond and protects the territory from intruders. Males mark their territory with the scent glands found under their eyes (preorbital glands), and on their hooves (pedal glands). They can mark both the ground of their territory, as well as branches and bushes. Additionally, males will scent their mates, which strengthens the ties between them. Ceremonial behavior in dunging is also seen. A pair will follow one another and deposit urine and feces on the same pile.

Males can be aggressive in defending their territories. They have been known to use their sharp horns to wound intruders. Usually, however, male rivals for females will more often only display aggressive behavior to one another before one retreats. The display of aggressive behavior can include pawing the ground, horning, alarm calls, chasing, and pretending to attack.