Religion
AfricaThe Future Of African Religions
African religions are alive in the early 2000s but often continue to be described, erroneously, as animism. Indigenous religions face prejudice from other religions—converts to Islam and Christianity still call African religions paganism. Hackett has argued that indigenous religions are being revitalized through the universalization, modernization, politicization, commercialization, and individualization of religious ideas and practices. African religions have a future for many reasons. First, these religions articulate worldviews that continue to provide a basis for morality, supporting what Laurenti Magesa has called "the moral traditions of abundant life." Second, African religions are linked to royal authority, influencing the selection and installation of royals and their system of governance. Third, celebrations and rituals will keep indigenous religions alive. Fourth, the need for healing will keep African religions alive. Fifth, the survival of African religions in the diaspora is testimony to their staying power. Sixth, the scholarly study of African religions could contribute to their survival. Growth depends upon how practitioners address issues in daily life. African religions have always paid attention to individuals and the community; such attention in the twenty-first century could have a positive bearing on a contemporary society in need of revitalization.
See also Ancestor Worship; Animism; Arts: Africa; Humanity: African Thought; Immortality and the Afterlife; Masks; Oral Traditions: Overview; Personhood in African Thought; Philosophy, Moral: Africa; Ritual: Religion.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Beattie, John, and John Middleton, eds. Spirit Mediumship and Society in Africa. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969.
Blier, Suzanne Preston. African Vodun: Art, Psychology, and Power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
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Buxton, Jean. Religion and Healing in Mandari. Oxford: Clarendon, 1973.
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Evans-Pritchard, E. E. Nuer Religion. Oxford: Clarendon, 1956.
Fortes, Meyer. Religion, Morality, and the Person: Essays on Tallensi Religion. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Griaule, Marcel. Conversations with Ogotemmeli: An Introduction to Dogon Religious Ideas. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
Hackett, Rosalind I. J. Art and Religion in Africa. London: Cassell, 1996.
Idowu, E. Bolaji. African Traditional Religion: A Definition. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 1973.
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Johnson, Douglas. Nuer Prophets: A History of Prophecy from the Upper Nile in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994.
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Lienhardt, R. Godfrey. Divinity and Experience: The Religion of the Dinka. Oxford: Clarendon, 1961.
Magesa, Laurenti. African Religion: The Moral Traditions of Abundant Life. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 1997.
Mbiti, John. Introduction to African Religion. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1991.
Middleton, John. Lugbara Religion: Ritual and Authority among an East African People. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1987.
Ranger, Terence, and I. N. Kimambo, eds. The Historical Study of African Religion. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.
Setiloane, Gabriel. The Image of God among the Sotho-Tswana. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Balkema, 1976.
Smith, Edwin. African Ideas of God. London: Edinburgh House, 1950.
Thompson, Robert Farris. Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy. New York: Vintage, 1984.
Turner, Victor. The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1967.
Van Binsbergen, Wim, and Matthew Schoffeleers, eds. Theoretical Explorations in African Religion. London: Kegan Paul, 1985.
Zahan, Dominique. The Religion, Spirituality, and Thought of Traditional Africa. Translated by Kate Ezra Martin and Lawrence Martin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.
Elias K. Bongmba
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- Religion - Africa - Bibliography
- Religion - Africa - Death And The Afterlife
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