3 minute read

Religion

AfricaThe Future Of African Religions



African religions are alive in the early 2000s but often continue to be described, erroneously, as animism. Indigenous religions face prejudice from other religions—converts to Islam and Christianity still call African religions paganism. Hackett has argued that indigenous religions are being revitalized through the universalization, modernization, politicization, commercialization, and individualization of religious ideas and practices. African religions have a future for many reasons. First, these religions articulate worldviews that continue to provide a basis for morality, supporting what Laurenti Magesa has called "the moral traditions of abundant life." Second, African religions are linked to royal authority, influencing the selection and installation of royals and their system of governance. Third, celebrations and rituals will keep indigenous religions alive. Fourth, the need for healing will keep African religions alive. Fifth, the survival of African religions in the diaspora is testimony to their staying power. Sixth, the scholarly study of African religions could contribute to their survival. Growth depends upon how practitioners address issues in daily life. African religions have always paid attention to individuals and the community; such attention in the twenty-first century could have a positive bearing on a contemporary society in need of revitalization.



BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abimbola, Wande. Ifá: An Exposition of Ifá Literary Corpus. Ibadan: Oxford University Press Nigeria, 1976.

Bascom, William. Ifa Divination: Communication Between Gods and Men in West Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1969. Reprint, 1991.

Beattie, John, and John Middleton, eds. Spirit Mediumship and Society in Africa. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969.

Blier, Suzanne Preston. African Vodun: Art, Psychology, and Power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

——. The Anatomy of Architecture: Ontology and Metaphor in Batammaliba Architectural Expression. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.

Boddy, Janice. Wombs and Alien Spirits: Women and Men in the Zar Cult in Northern Sudan. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.

Buxton, Jean. Religion and Healing in Mandari. Oxford: Clarendon, 1973.

Comaroff, Jean. Body of Power, Spirit of Resistance: The Culture and History of a South African People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.

Evans-Pritchard, E. E. Nuer Religion. Oxford: Clarendon, 1956.

Fortes, Meyer. Religion, Morality, and the Person: Essays on Tallensi Religion. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Griaule, Marcel. Conversations with Ogotemmeli: An Introduction to Dogon Religious Ideas. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.

Hackett, Rosalind I. J. Art and Religion in Africa. London: Cassell, 1996.

Idowu, E. Bolaji. African Traditional Religion: A Definition. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 1973.

——. Olodumare: God in Yoruba Belief. New York: Wazobia, 1994.

Johnson, Douglas. Nuer Prophets: A History of Prophecy from the Upper Nile in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994.

Lambek, Michael. Human Spirits: A Cultural Account of Trance in Mayotte. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Lawal, Babatunde. The Gèlèdé Spectacle: Art, Gender, and Social Harmony in an African Culture. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996.

Lienhardt, R. Godfrey. Divinity and Experience: The Religion of the Dinka. Oxford: Clarendon, 1961.

Magesa, Laurenti. African Religion: The Moral Traditions of Abundant Life. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 1997.

Mbiti, John. Introduction to African Religion. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1991.

Middleton, John. Lugbara Religion: Ritual and Authority among an East African People. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1987.

Ranger, Terence, and I. N. Kimambo, eds. The Historical Study of African Religion. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.

Setiloane, Gabriel. The Image of God among the Sotho-Tswana. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Balkema, 1976.

Smith, Edwin. African Ideas of God. London: Edinburgh House, 1950.

Thompson, Robert Farris. Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy. New York: Vintage, 1984.

Turner, Victor. The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1967.

Van Binsbergen, Wim, and Matthew Schoffeleers, eds. Theoretical Explorations in African Religion. London: Kegan Paul, 1985.

Zahan, Dominique. The Religion, Spirituality, and Thought of Traditional Africa. Translated by Kate Ezra Martin and Lawrence Martin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.

Elias K. Bongmba

Additional topics

Science EncyclopediaScience & Philosophy: Reason to RetrovirusReligion - Africa - Myth And Cosmology, Gods And Spirits, Religion And Possession, Religious Authorities, Worship Spaces