Islam

Amir-Moezzi, M. A. The Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam. Translated by David Streight. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.

Arjomand, S. A. The Shadow of God and the Hidden Imam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

Bill, J. A., and J. A. Williams. Roman Catholics and Shi'i Muslims: Prayer, Passion, and Politics. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.

Crone P., and M. Hinds. God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Daftary, F. The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Donaldson, D. M. The Shi'ite Religion. London: Luzac, 1933.

Goldziher, I. An Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law. Translated by Andras and Ruth Hamori. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981.

Halm, H. Shiism, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991.

Kohlberg, E. A Medieval Muslim Scholar at Work, Ibn Tawus and His Library. New York: E. J. Brill, 1992.

Madelung, W. The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

McDermott, M. J. The Theology of al-Shaikh al-Mufid. Beirut: Dar el-Machreq, 1978.

Modarressi Tabata'i, H. An Introduction to Shi'i Law: A Bibliographical Study. London: Ithaca Press, 1984.

Moddarressi, H. Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi'ite Islam. Princeton, N.J.: Darwin Press, 1993.

Momen, M. An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985.

Moussavi, A. K. Religious Authority in Shi'ite Islam: From the Office of Mufti to the Institution of Marja'. Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 1996.

Newman, A. J. The Formative Period of Twelver Shi'ism: Hadith as Discourse Between Qum and Baghdad. Richmond, Surrey, U.K.: Curzon, 2000.

Richard, Y. Shi'ite Islam: Polity, Ideology, and Creed. Translated by Antonia Nevill. Cambridge, U.K.: Blackwell, 1995.

Sachedina, A. A. Islamic Messianism: The Idea of the Mahdi in Twelver Shi'ism. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1981.

Stewart, D. J. Islamic Legal Orthodoxy: Twelver Shiite Responses to the Sunni Legal System. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1998.

Watt, W. M. The Formative Period of Islamic Thought. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1973.