Islamic Views of Ethnicity and Race

Goldziher, Ignaz. Muslim Studies. Edited by S. M. Stern, translated by C. R. Barber and S. M. Stern. London: Allen and Unwin, 1967. An English translation of the classic study of tribal and ethnic sentiment in medieval Islam.

Haarmann, Ulrich W. "Ideology and History, Identity and Alterity: The Arab Image of the Turk from the 'Abbasids to Modern Egypt." International Journal of Middle East Studies 20, no. 2 (May 1988): 175–196.

——. "Regional Sentiment in Medieval Islamic Egypt." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 43, no. 1 (1980): 55–66.

Levy, Reuben. The Social Structure of Islam. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1962. Contains a chapter on "The Grades of Society in Islam."

Lewis, Bernard. Islam: From the Prophet Muhammad to the Conquest of Constantinople. 2 vol. New York: Harper and Row, 1974.

——. Race and Slavery in the Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. A survey of the issues of race and slavery, mostly in the premodern period.