Afropessimism

Ayittey, George B. N. Africa Betrayed. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992.

——. Africa In Chaos. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998.

Hammond, Dorothy, and Alta Jablow. The Africa That Never Was: Four Centuries of British Writing about Africa. New York: Twayne, 1970.

Hawk, Beverly G., ed. Africa's Media Image. New York: Praeger, 1992.

Hitchens, Christopher. "Africa without Pity." Vanity Fair (November 1994): 43–52.

Jackson, Robert H., and Carl G. Rosberg. Personal Rule in Black Africa: Prince, Autocrat, Prophet, Tyrant. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.

Johnson, Paul. "Colonialism's Back—and Not a Moment Too Soon." New York Times Magazine (18 April 1993): 22

Kaplan, Robert. "The Coming Anarchy." Atlantic Monthly (February 1994): 44–76.

——. "Continental Drift." New Republic (28 December 1992): 15.

Michaels, Marguerite. "Retreat From Africa." Foreign Affairs 72, no. 1 (winter 1993): 93–108.

Onwudiwe, Ebere, "Africa's Other Story." Current History 101 (2002): 225–228.

——. "Image and Development: An Exploratory Discussion." Journal of African Policy Studies 1, no. 3 (1995): 85–97.

Onwudiwe, Ebere, and Minabere Ibelema, eds. Afro-Optimism: Perspectives on Africa's Advances. Westport, Conn., and London: Praeger, 2003.

Joseph, Richard A. Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria: The Rise and Fall of the Second Republic. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Richburg, Keith B. Out of America: A Black Man Confronts Africa. New York: Basic Books, 1997.

Rieff, David. "In Defense of Afropessimism." World Policy Journal 15, no. 4 (winter 1998–1999): 10–22. Also available at http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/rieff.html

Xinhua News Agency. "France: Creditors Should Do More for Africa's Debt Problem." Paris, March 27, 1988, item no. 0327019.