Machine Tools

Shapers utilize a reciprocating single-point tool with the workpiece clamped on the machine table. The workpiece position and feeding are controlled to produce the desired shape or surface as the tool passes back and forth along a fixed path taking a series of straight cuts. Horizontal shapers are used for machining flat surfaces, which may be horizontal, vertical, or angular. Vertical shapers or slotters are used for machining slots, keyways, and splines. Shapers may be fitted with hydraulic tracing attachments to enable them to cut curved surfaces. The size of a shaper is designated by the maximum length of stroke or cut it can take.

There are many different types of shapers, but the most common is the horizontal plain shaper, which consists of a bed, column, cross rail, table, ram, and the head. The bed is the rigid base of the machine that supports the column and sometimes an outrigger table support, which is used to increase the rigidity of the workpiece mounting. The column houses the motor and drive mechanisms and is equipped with two sets of precision ways which support the ram and cross rail. The cross rail is a horizontal member that travels vertically on the ways of the column to be adjusted, and clamps in place in the desired position. The cross rail supports the table on precision ways. The table supports the workpiece and feeds along the cross rail. The ram is the tool driving member and reciprocates on precision ways on top of the column. The length of stroke, rate of reciprocation, and overhang at the extreme end of the ram travel are all adjustable. The head, which is mounted on the forward end of the ram, supports the toolholder and provides for vertical feeding or swiveling of the tool 30° either way from vertical.

Shapers require many strokes of the tool to complete a cutting operation. Horizontal and vertical mills are much more efficient at metal removal than shapers and have replaced shapers for production work.