Lithium

Lithium is absorbed quickly into the bloodstream and carried to all tissues of the body and brain. It is excreted through the kidneys. Because sodium is also passed out through the kidneys and affects lithium secretion, a normal sodium balance is necessary to maintain a lithium balance as well. If there is an insufficient amount of sodium in the body, the lithium builds up and can become toxic.

Besides avoiding a low-salt diet, patients receiving lithium therapy for bipolar disorder are cautioned to drink alcohol in moderation and to discuss all over-the-counter and prescription medicine with their psychiatrists, since some antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents like ibuprofen can increase lithium levels in the bloodstream. The use of lithium during pregnancy presents certain risks. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is sometimes recommended for pregnant patients who have been taking lithium as treatment for bipolar disorder. Older persons on lithium and low-salt diets must also be cautious.

Possible side effects of lithium therapy are stomach ache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hand tremors, thirst, fatigue, and muscle weakness. Some patients report weight gain while on lithium and a thyroid condition may develop, but can be easily treated with thyroid replacement hormones.

By and large, lithium treatment has been an effective drug for patients suffering from bipolar disorder. Many remain in treatment for extended periods of time without any harmful side effects, and most importantly, are able to lead normal and productive lives without hospitalization.