Grand Unified Theory
force particles quantum gravity
One of the major theoretical hurdles to a reachable synthesis of current theories of particles and force interactions into a grand unification theory (also known as Grand Unified Field Theory, Grand Unified Theory, or GUT) is the need to reconcile the evolving principles of quantum theory with the principles of general relativity advanced by German-American physicist Albert Einstein (1879-1955) nearly a century ago. The synthesis is made difficult because the unification of quantum mechanics (itself a unification of the laws of chemistry with atomic physics) with special relativity to form a complete quantum field theory consistent with observable data is itself not yet complete.
A grand unified theory of physics is not within the reach of our present technology and there are also theoretical obstacles to formulating a Grand unified theory.
A grand unified theory is a theory that will reconcile the electroweak force (the unified forces of electricity and magnetism) and the strong force (the force that binds quarks within the atomic nucleus together). A grand unified theory that could subsequently incorporate gravitational theory would, become the ultimate unified theory, often referred to by physicists as a "theory of everything" (TOE).
The technological barriers to a unified theory are a consequence of the tremendous energies required to verify the existence of the particles predicted by the theory. In essence, experimental physicists are called upon to recreate the conditions of the universe that existed during the first few millionths of a second of the Big bang - when the universe was tremendously hot, dense, and therefore energetic.
There are admittedly great difficulties and high mountains of inconsistency between quantum and relativity theory that may put such a "theory of everything" (TOE) far beyond our present grasp. Some scientists speculate that although a TOE is beyond our reach, we may be within reach of a grand unified theory (GUT) that, excepting quantum gravity, will unite the remaining fundamental forces.
Quantum theory was principally developed during the first half of the twentieth century through the independent work on various parts of the theory by German physicist Maxwell Planck (1858–1947), Danish physicist Niels Bohr (1885–1962), Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961), English physicist P.A.M. Dirac (1902–1984) and German physicist Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976). Quantum mechanics fully describes wave particle duality, and the phenomena of superposition in term of probabilities. Quantum field theory describes and encompasses virtual particles and renormalization.
In contrast, special relativity describes space-time geometry and the relativistic effects of different inertial reference frames (i.e., the relativity of describing motion) and general relativity describes the nature of gravity. General relativity fuses the dimensions of space and time. The motion of bodies under apparent gravitational force is explained by the assertion that, in the vicinity of mass, space-time curves. The more massive the body the greater is the curvature or "force of gravity."
Avoiding the mathematical complexities, a fair simplification of the fundamental incompatibility between quantum theory and relativity theory may be found in the difference between the two theories with respect to the nature of the gravitational force. Quantum theory depicts a quantum field with a carrier particle for the gravitational force—that although not yet discovered—is termed a graviton. As a force carrier particle, the graviton is analogous to the photon that acts as the boson or carrie of the electromagnetism (i.e., light). In stark contrast, general relativity theory does away with the need for the graviton by depicting gravity as a consequence of the warping or bending of space-time by matter (or, more specifically, mass).
Although both quantum and relativity theories work extremely well in explaining the universe at the quantum and cosmic levels respectively, the theories themselves are fundamentally incompatible and hence the search for unification theories.
Such unifications are not trivial mathematical or rhetorical flourishes; they evidence an unswerving trail back towards the beginning of time and the creation of the universe in the big bang. What the electroweak unification reveals is that at higher levels of energy, (e.g., the energies associated with the big bang), the forces of electromagnetism and the weak force are really one in the same. It is only at the more modest present state of the universe, far cooler and less dense, that the forces take on the characteristic differences of electromagnetism and the weak force.
Experiments at high energy levels have revealed the existence of a number of new particles. According to modern field theory and the Standard model, particles are manifestations of field and particles interact (exert forces) through fields. Accordingly, for every particle (e.g., quarks and leptons—one form of a lepton is the electron) there must be an associate field. Forces between particles result from the exchange of particles that are termed virtual particles. Electromagnetism depends upon the exchange of photons (QED theory). The weak force depends upon the exchange of W+, W–, and Zo particles. Eight different forms of gluons are exchanged in a gluon field to produce the strong force. Regardless, the energy requirements required to identify the particles associated with a unified field required by a grand unified theory are greater than present technologies can achieve. Most mathematical calculations involving quantum fields indicate that unification of the fields may require 1016 GeV. Some models allow the additional fusion of the gravitational force at 1018 GeV.
The higher energies needed are not simply a question of investing more time and money in building larger accelerators. Using our present technologies, the energy levels achievable by a particle accelerator are proportional to the size of the accelerator (specially the diameter of the accelerator). Alas, to archive the energy levels required to find the particles of a grand unified force would require an accelerator larger than our entire solar system.
Although a quantum explanation of gravity is not required by a grand unification theory that seeks only to reconcile electroweak and strong forces, it is important to acknowledge that the unification of force and particle theories embraced by the Standard model is not yet complete. Further, it may not be possible to rule out gravity and develop a unified theory of electroweak and strong forces that ignores gravity.
See also Atomic theory; Electromagnetic spectrum; Feynman diagrams; Gravity and gravitation; Particle detectors; Relativity, general; Subatomic particles.
Resources
Books
Feynman, Richard and Steven Weinberg Elementary Particles and the Laws of Physics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Greene, Brian. The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory. New York: Vintage books, 2000.
Gribbin, John. Q is for Quantum: An Encyclopedia of Particle Physics. New York: The Free Press, 1998.
Hawking, Stephen. The Illustrated Brief History of Time, Updated and Expanded. New York: Bantam, 2001.
Klein, Etienne, et al. The Quest for Unity: The Adventure of Physics. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Mohapatra, Rabindra. Unification and Supersymmetry. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Periodicals
Weinberg, Steven. "A Unified Physics by 2050?" Scientific American. December, 1999.
Other
Particle Data Group. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. "The Particle Adventure: The Fundamentals of Matter and Force" [cited February, 5, 2003]. <http://particleadventure.org/particleadventure/>.
K. Lee Lerner
User Comments
about 1 month ago
EOTOE, Some Implications (v)
The Gravitons Nature-Origin Puzzle
My model for the EOTOE has been evolutionary biology. Since life must be just another mass format, and due to the oneness of the universe, it is commonsensical that natural selection is ubiquitous and that life, self-replication, is its extension. And it is commonsensical, too, that evolutions, broken symmetry scenarios, are ubiquitous in all processes in all disciplines and that these evolutions are the “quantum mechanics” of the processes.
However, there is yet an origin of origins puzzle.
Whereas the genesis of genes, life’s primal organisms, is rationally commonsensical, thus highly probably, the “naturally-selected” RNA nucleotides - the existence, origin and nature of the rationally commonsensical conjectured massed graviton are yet much farther from probable than the nucleotides life’s genesis. The gravitons are more enigmatic because science has not yet accumulated the extent and variegated considerations and examinations required to approach the comprehension of the origin of origins of the universe.
PS: From
http://universe-life.com/2011/12/13/21st-century-science-whence-and-whither/
notwithstanding…
“The origin-reason and the purpose-fate of life are mechanistic, ethically and practically valueless. Life is the cheapest commodity on Earth. Human life is just one of many nature’s routes for the natural survival of RNAs, the base primal Earth organisms.
It is up to humans themselves to elect the purpose and format of their life as individuals and as group-members.”
===========================
EOTOE, Some Implications (VI)
Yet something about the gravitons
Yet one possible conjecture about the gravitons is that they, too, must have a dual mass-energy nature…
From singularity it is a rationally commonsensical conjecture that they are a mass format, the smallest elementary mass particles.
Nevertheless from the Big-Bang it is a rationally commonsensical conjecture that they must also be energy, i.e. mass in motion, even at singularity. This is rationally commonsensical since otherwise the Big would not Bang…
This raises the origin of origins puzzle to an unknown power…
Dov Henis (comments from 22nd century)
http://universe-life.com/
PS: Wondering what/why black-hole scientists think/conjecture re this…
2 months ago
Dov Henis
An Embarrassingly Obvious Theory Of Everything
EOTOE, Some Implications (I)
A.
EOTOE is an Embarrassingly Obvious Theory Of Everything.
In essence it states that all things in the universe, nouns and verbs objects and processes, originate and derive from the energy-mass dualism.
Origin and essence of this derivation are expressed mathematically by
E=Total[m(1+ D)] (D = distance travelled by mass since singularity)
Which suggests that the universe cycles between two poles: singularity/all-mass , and maximum-expanded/nearly-all-energy.
The “nearly” all-energy leaves behind some mass formats that begin consolidating by gravity, when it eventually overcomes expansion as the mass fueling the expansion is nearly depleted, becoming very small m multiplied by very large D = E .
B.
Thus the essence/definition of gravitation is:
“Gravitation Is the propensity of energy reconversion to mass”.
Gravitation is the “monotheism” and the “ genesis” of the universe. Singularity, at D = 0, is the very brief all-mass pole of the universe. The Big-Bang-inflation did not produce matter or anti-matter. It was the beginning of mass reconversion into energy, of increasing D fueled by decreasing m.
The conjectured gravitons, smallest basic particles, most probably do exist, but must be with mass, and gravitons microclusters must “big-bang” during the on-going expansion at a resolution of their energy-mass superposition.
This is rationally commonsensical, therefore it is scientifically probable.
Inflation started with the whole universe m shattering into fragments that evolved into, became, the galaxy clusters. The clusters expansion is fed at a constant rate by m-fuel. Since expansion accelerates, since the clusters depart from each other at an ever increasing velocity, we learn that the rate of m-to-E reconversion in the universe is constant. The accelerated expansion derives from the ever decreasing m of each cluster.
C.
Thus the essence/definition of evolution, natural selection is:
Mass formats attaining temporary augmented energy constraint in their successive generations, with energy drained from other mass formats, to temporarily postpone, survive, the reversion of their own constitutional mass to the pool of cosmic energy fueling the galactic clusters expansion.
This explains why black holes and humans, in fact all mass formats, must feed themselves in order to survive.
This explains that the essence of quantum mechanics of all processes is the detailed procession steps, the evolution details, between physical states ordained for natural selection.
D.
Thus comes to light the universe inspected progressively in greater detail.
Science reveals the universe’s nature-scope and directing drive, followed by technology studying its evolution details-aspects, followed by engineering exploitation of the attained information. This suggests the specific weight, importance, of science, technology and engineering in considering of research or enterprise plans and implementation.
Dov Henis (comments from 22nd century)
http://universe-life.com/
PS1:
Definitely: Dark energy and dark matter YOK! Universe's m reconverts to E at a constant rate…
Universe accelerated expansion is per Newton's motion laws, obviously…
Also, universe physics constants should vary, probably slightly, between galaxies clusters due to different clusters sizes...
Also, the clusters formed by dispersion at inflation…
PS2:
The singularity constituents must have been the smallest elementary particles. They may be designated gravitons, but they MUST HAVE MASS. They were born at the energy-mass superposition resolution, together with the fragments that became galaxies clusters.
At expansion D increases, therefore m decreases, which per Newton mandates mass and matter acceleration. This goes on, most probably, at a constant rate of mass-to-energy reconversion, at an energy-mass resolution, mandated by the equality of both sides of the top equation.. And this resolution is, for each graviton, most probably in a format of a minuscule big-bang.
This is a lesser fantasy than the dark matter and energy fantasy. Such mass-energy gravitons may be omnipresent within each galaxies cluster, maintaining each cluster as a primordial Newtonian body and being the fuel-driver of expansion.
DH
==============================
EOTOE, Some Implications (II)
This equation describes the presently expanding universe:
E=Total[m(1 + D)] D = distance travelled by mass since singularity
This equation describes the future contracting universe:
E=Total[m(1 + D)] D = reduced contracting expansion distance
Implications:
The base units of mass - may be designated gravitons but MUST have mass - are not temporal, they never disappear.
In the present expanding universe they are in motion as mD away from the singularity point.
Those of them that hit a whatever mass format and move it become inert. This will go on until all or nearly all of them cease moving forward, i.e. until D ceases growing.
When D ceases growing gravitation will overcome the inertial motion away from the singularity point and will start pulling them back towards it. It is then that D will start diminishing, to maintain the equation’s equality…
And MORE, MUCH MORE:
The rational commonsensical, and therefore scientifically probable, implication is that Space is imbued with these massed gravitons that are continuously left behind during Expansion… also as micro clusters sized between gravitons and neutrinos…
DH
=========================
EOTOE, Some Implications (III)
Classically:
Energy = dynamic quality, the capacity of acting or being active, a fundamental entity of nature that is transferred between componentsts of a system in the production of physical change within the system and usually regarded as the capacity for doing work.
Mass = Mass is the quantity of inertia possessed by an object or the proportion between force and acceleration referred to in Newton’s Second Law of Motion.
Per EOTOE :
E=Total[m(1 + D)] D = distance travelled by mass since singularity
Energy is mass in motion.
The mass of the universe is either in motion or in the form of inert massed gravitons, with which the universe is imbued.
m of the EOTOE equation is only the energetic m, the m which is in motion.
The inert gravitons do not play a role in the E,m,D relationship. At the (present) universe expansion phase mass reconverts to energy at a constant rate, leaving behind inert gravitons. Inert gravitons become energetically active when they are reset in motion, i.e. when acted upon by energy, such as by gravity during the universe re-contraction phase.
Dov Henis (comments from the 22nd century)
http://universe-life.com
On Light And Dark Mass And Energy
http://universe-life.com/2011/10/03/on-light-and-dark-mass-and-energy/
7 months ago
How do we resolve the above issues? Is there any mathematical progress
on this current obstacle to GUT? Let's see some mechanical &
technical possibility & hope to address these issues.
The New Mathematical Approach to Correct & Consistent GUT -
Riemann-Rementilla Vector Dual Field Hyperdensity Matrix [Non-Euclidean]
Mathematics
Just recently, there is this GUT & TOE combined scientific &
mathematical works termed as Nature's Blueprint by Bernard Rementilla, a
research mechanical engineer & thermodynamics professor in the
Philippines. This Nature's Blueprint, according to him, is basically a
reconstructive, technical & quantitative approach to extend GF
Bernhard Riemann's Positive Non-Euclidean Geometry into a Vector Field
(Hyperdensity-N-dimension of Dual Function) Matrix Mathematics that can
extra-polate a 52-dimension Nature's space-time-energy of the whole
Cosmos, which is the key to extract 2 fields of the Universe: Energy
Field & Force Field & the NEW HIDDEN 13 field
constants, respectively: 13 Field Constants of Energy Field & 13
Field Constants of Force Field, totaling new 26 Vector Field Constants
hidden into a 52-dimension Universe dual complex hyperdensity
space-time-energy and so on. These two vector fields, & the 26
hidden new constants are the key to the correct path to the true GUT
& TOE. The new extended version of GF Bernhard Riemann's positve Non
Euclidean Energy, termed the Riemann-Rementilla Vector Field
(Hyperdensity-N-Dimension Dual Function) Matrix Non-Euclidean
Mathematics, is what makes it technically, scientifically, &
numerically possible by which the accurate formulation of the true Grand
Unification Theory, & the exact configuration of the Theory of
Everything are consistently integrated in the mathematically combined
Energy Field & Force Field - embracing the totality of the
Universe's 52 dimensions that put life into every fundamental equation
of Physics, Chemistry, & Biology. All of these are found &
explained in the Nature's Blueprint.
This new Grand Unification Theory
Perspective is only & solely based on Rementilla's new configuration
of the Theory of Everything he termed "Nature's Blueprint" & is
mathematically possible <
Einstein's Relativity, Planck's Quantum Theory, Electro-weak Principle
by Salam, Glashow and Weinberg, & the existing, established
mathematical models of QED/QCD>> on account of this Blueprint's 26
new unifying field constants, mathematically integrating both energy
field & force field - the result is the unification of four (4)
forces of Nature: gravity, weak & strong forces, & emf.
Why Scientists & Mathematicians Fail to Configure the Correct GUT?
According to Rementilla, it is the complete absence of the Energy Field
& Force Field & their
combined NEW Nature's 26 unifying constants in the works of the
scientists & mathematicians that make them hardly see the accurate
configuration & formulation of nature's GUT, hence, they have
failed.
What is the Value of this Nature's Blueprint?
It is the complete key to SOLVE the climate change phenomena on Earth,
and so on.
To Google: pls include this in your Section: "Grand Unified Field Theory". All the above is new. But the sources of these things are from natural operating forces & energies in the 52 dimensions of the whole Universe. The Proof? A human being - you and I. I am serious on this. This is not a joke. Google may contact my thru my Linked Address. I am more than willing to present these at lenght. Thank you. Bernard Bautista Rementilla
over 1 year ago
Hi, We grow up religious but we are borne with only logic. The problem is when to use only the logic. A argument that would use the work time is a false argument. Time is not a observed event of motion it is a measurement of distance. Math will not answer the everything theory , it will only quantize events with a distance relationship. Einstein never professed the answer, we should accept his conclusion. Try precession at the (speed) light motion and you will have the answer. A body that is in spin and is acted upon by energy/mass transfer will precess a number of frequencies and describe a circular event around radiant source. Simple enough to last to infinity. All you need is mass motion precession. Terry Hamilton
over 1 year ago
This is a math approach and a argument that is based on fundamental religious constructs. Time is a distance measurement not a event , we can understand the workings of the universe but it will not free us from the change we know is coming , and we need to formulate the third law of motion or if you must the fourth law of motion which will be precession . If a electron is not traveling at the speed of light then it must be spinning at the speed of light... ie. inertia. Newton was right. 007 wingman YouTube.
almost 3 years ago
This is Rama Chandran,
From India, a scholar in Vedic Science enrolled myself for Ph.D. with Utkal University of Culture.
The Center of gravity theory of Newton may be wrong. The Vedas didn't talk about this.
My thesis will prove this and I am sure after submitting my thesis the entire Astronomy will be corrected and scientists should change their approach on Planets, light rays etc.
I may submit my thesis in next six months or may be eight months.
I am sure as a man from this Earth you will have your views open and look in to my theory and approach as in Vedas.
Don't see Vedas as a Hindu text but see that as a science!
When I approached your universities for Ph.D. they didn't consider as they feared that they must work again from the bottom layer and I am sure that the scientists need broad mind and courage to accept the fact.
I need few people who will look in to my theory on its merit.
A Ph.D. thesis is submitted only for a research and our scientist should come forward to analyze this too!
Hope you will agree with me
Regards
R.Rama chandran