Allergy

The patient's medical history provides the primary basis for the diagnosis of allergies. Skin patch tests are sometimes used to determine exactly which potential allergens can produce a reaction in the patient. A group of substances are placed in patches under the skin; any actual allergen will raise a weal (a red, circular swelling) at the site of the patch. The weal is a circular area of swelling that itches and is reddened. The tests at times produce false positives, so that they cannot be relied on exclusively.

The simplest form of treatment is the avoidance of the allergic substance, but that is not always possible. In such cases, desensitization to the allergen is sometimes attempted by exposing the patient to slight amounts of the allergen at regular intervals.

Antihistamines, which are now prescribed and sold over the counter as a rhinitis remedy, were discovered in the 1940s. There are a number of different ones, and they either inhibit the production of histamine or block them at receptor sites. After the administration of antihistamines, IgE receptor sites on the mast cells are blocked, thereby preventing the release of the histamines that cause the allergic reactions. The allergens are still there, but the body's "protective" actions are suspended for the period of time that the antihistamines are active. Antihistamines also constrict the smaller blood vessels and capillaries, thereby removing excess fluids. Recent research has identified specific receptor sites on the mast cells for the IgE. This knowledge makes it possible to develop medicines that will be more effective in reducing the symptoms of various allergies.

Corticosteroids are sometimes prescribed to allergy sufferers as anti-inflammatories. Decongestants can also bring relief, but these can be used for a short time only, since their continued use can set up a rebound effect and intensify the allergic reaction.