Westernization

Hourani, Albert. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1789–1939. Cambridge, U.K., and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Jabarti, Abd al-Rahman al-. Napoleon in Egypt: Al-Jabarti's Chronicle of the French Occupation, 1798. Translation by Shmuel Moreh. Princeton, N.J.: Markus Wiener, 2001.

Keddie, Nikki. Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn "al-Afghānī." Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.

Laqueur, Walter. A History of Zionism: From the French Revolution to the Establishment of the State of Israel. New York: MJF Books, 1972.

Rahnema, Ali. An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of Ali Shari'ati. London: Taurus, 2000. This essay has been devoted exclusively to Islamic modernism, but there are significant parallels in the development of Zionism and the haskala movement.

Renan, Ernest, and Jamal al-Din Afghani. L'Islam et la science: Avec la reponse d'Afghani. Montpellier, France: Archange Minotaure, 2003.

Sirriyeh, Elizabeth. Sufis and Anti-Sufis: The Defence, Rethinking and Rejection of Sufism in the Modern World. Richmond, U.K.: Curzon, 1999.

Tibi, Bassam. Arab Nationalism: Between Islam and the Nation-State. 3rd ed. New York: St. Martin's, 1997.

Weismann, Itzchak. Taste of Modernity: Sufism, Salafiyya, and Arabism in Late Ottoman Damascus. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2001.